21) Just a few words on Black Hole  

(Pending checking)

The origin of a text book Black Hole starts from the theory of a collapsing star, which postulates that when a star collapses on itself, it would for a short while become a blazing supernova and shine like millions of stars all shining together. The radiation emitted by it can equal to that emitted by the combined radiations of the entire galaxy. Then it would end up as a neutron star in the form of a pulsar. Some would become white dwarfs. This is fine! But then it continues to postulate that the most massive stars are said to have imploding cores that cannot be halted by any known state of matter. This core would contract and acquire a density, which is virtually infinite. It therefore becomes a singularity. At this time the gravitational field becomes so strong that light cannot escape from it. Then according to the theory of relativity nothing can travel faster than light. Thus if light cannot escape, then nothing else can. Everything is pulled back by the gravitational field. This results in a region of spacetime, from which nothing can escape with reference to a distant observer. This region of spacetime is called a Black Hole and the singularity is called a black hole singularity (in this Website, this type of  Black Hole is referred to as "Gravitational Black Hole". Another type caused by exceeding the speed of light is here referred to as the "Observational Black Hole". Explanations are forth coming forth below). The Gravitational Black Hole is therefore all about the collapse of a super sized star and the consequence of such a event. However, such theory has been then extended further to include the center of a galaxy. It is said that at the center of our Milky Way galaxy there might be lurking a Gravitational Black Hole as well. (No explanation has yet been given for the fact that when such most massive star collapses, why its materials do not contact and explode upon violent impact, instead, they slip pass each other cleanly into a hole! And if gravitation is ripples of spacetime, then during the collapse how do ripples get to become such indescribable magnitude? Is it one huge ripple or many or just plain old ripples?)   

T.R.U.T.H. here is more concerned about the phenomena of galaxies than the phenomena of an individual star, because it is a theory about the rather larger cosmological phenomena. In that context we would now continue to discuss. First of all, T.R.U.T.H. implies that the center of a galaxy is quite unlike a star and is not likely to have a massive star or any stars there to collapse, because as masses of suns, planets, satellites, comets, gases, dusts and whatever else are spiraled to the central region they would be smashed in a traffic collision and explode unlike anywhere else in the universe. It is a region in the universe where continuous supply of galactic masses are broken down and stripped of all atomic binding energies, i.e. the Strong and Weak nuclear binding forces, and eventually just become a flux of pure energies. Since mass may be converted into energy, the galactic central region is the one and only most violent spot in the universe, where no mass can possibly remain intact.  The central region of the galaxy is therefore the hottest, most violent center of nature's atom crashing and grinding machine. It is also the very core of the Miracle-12, which cuts the converted energies flux in angular momentum into sinusoidal waves and then emits the waves out into the cosmic space. As wave energies escape from the galactic center, more masses would be replenished into the crashing and grinding machine from the galactic spiral. This not only accounts for the continuous disappearance of incoming starry messes, it also accounts for the observed continuous emissions of sinusoidal electromagnetic radiations. 

The galactic center may be viewed as the biggest atom smashing machine (like CERN) in the universe. Once the galactic masses meet, they would explode like a trillion atom bombs together. The violence and temperature would force the release of atomic binding forces, and turn mass into photons. Since photon or energy has no weight, no weight means no gravitation. Therefore, the center of galaxies is not a place for any stars to remain whole or intact without crashing each other and then to collapse by huge gravitation into a black hole singularity. Besides, gravitational force is known to be about million billion billion billion times (10^-³³) weaker than the electromagnetic force, since the collapse of a star can cause so much out flow of electromagnetic forces in the way of photons (light) that equals the total emission of combined radiation of all the galaxies, than it is rather hard to imagine how such a weak gravitation force can still overcome such colossal electromagnetic force to implode and become a singularity...

Note: Scientists Nick Herbert has worked out that for a solar-mass object (i.e. a star as big as our Sun) if it should collapse and become a black hole, the Schwarzschild (or event horizon) radius would be about 3 km. For a black hole as massive as Earth, its hole would be only about 2 cm in diameter, just about the size of a large grape. (The book is "Faster than Light" by Nick Herbert page 108).  Imagine in the event that if Earth were to become a black hole, then how could all those Earth materials, such as Alps, or Himalaya mountain ranges, get through a 2 cm hole without crushing and exploding like millions of atom bombs?... Meanwhile, some people believe that there is a black hole lurking in the center of our Milky Way, Just think about millions of suns and planets are being transported through the galactic spiral into the central region of our galaxy. If there was a black hole, which sucks in everything possible, then how could radiation be observed shooting out of the axis of galactic poles to a distance as far as 1000 light years (see picture of Milky Way below). You can have either the gravitational black hole, which would suck everything into its hole, or you can have the radiations, which bulge and emit out from the galactic polar axis, like any normal galaxies, but you cannot have both! 

So let us emphasize once again. No star exists intact and so no star collapses in the center of any galaxy. So don't worry about a black hole lurking in the center of our lovely Milky Way!  There can only be banging of traffics, accidents, crashes and explosions as well as congestions of massive energies trying to get out of the galaxy! It is truly a hot melting pot!... 

Left fig:- The center of galaxy is the biggest atom smashing machine there is, bigger than a billion  CERN's machines. It is truly a melting pot!  

In fact, since mass is convertible to energy, no atoms can possibly exist intact here, because the center of galaxy is the most energy intensive spot in the universe. Only a primordial pure flux of energy exist here. At this stage, the conditions at the galactic core resemble those at the so called Planck time. Let's say at this point the temperature must be well above 10^28 Kelvin (The center of galaxy is much hotter than the hypothetical big bang explosion, because once the big bang explosion occurs, that's it! The big bang cannot continue to build up heat and temperatures by continuous colliding, grinding and exploding of everything here, but the center of galaxy can and must). Besides here ere, no gravitational force could have been formulated into gravitation waves yet.  The galactic center functions first as a pure mass to energy converter, then converted energies expand with unbelievable ferocity, passing through the angular divisions of field symmetry, the Miracle-12, and are converted into electromagnetic waves before being forced into space. In short, the continuous supply of masses from the galactic spiral is converted into a continuous output of energy waves. These expanding energy waves in turn force the galaxies to float away from each other. Because of the continuous supply of pushing energies, the galaxies expand with acceleration.  It also means that the entire universe is synchronized in the process of maintaining equilibrium. That's the reason behind the accelerating universe, announced by scientists in early 1998 after 8 years of observations with Hubble Space Telescope....

Note:  On the contrary, if a gravitational black hole could exist in the center of a galaxy, then according to the definition of a text book black hole, it would have an enormous gravity, which would drag everything nearby into the hole, and disappear forever into oblivion. As the suns, the planets and the rest of the galaxy would spiral into the hole as well, and nothing can stop the inward spiral and the pulling of the black hole gravitation, it would leave the universe with lots of half disappearing galaxies, or half collapsed and out of shape galaxies in the sky. Then as the gravity increases, the black hole would swallow more mass. And because space is merely the physical extension of mass/energy, therefore, space would be gulped down the hole as well. The process would speed up with increasing acceleration. It should not be difficult to notice many strange phenomena going on everywhere in the sky. For instance, some galaxies are getting smaller, others are disappearing, and many parts of the observable universe are disappearing as well. . In which case, we should be seeing a partially shrinking universe, certainly not a rather evenly expanding and accelerating universe!  

In fact, of all the things, what seems to impress this writer more is Stephen Hawking's claim of discovering radiation in Black Hole in 1974. He calls it "Black Holes ain't so black" in his book. He further explains using the Uncertainty Principle of the quantum physics that if the hole is small, then it is a white hole, and not only it has momentum but it has also temperatures. It would radiate energies and slowly disappear from space due to losses from emission of radiation. Prof. Hawking is probably right, but of course no other theory  explains how and why a black hole might appear to be white. So Prof. Hawking after supporting  the theory of Black Hole for 30 years eventually denied its existence.....  Meanwhile, the observed radiation emissions do not just happen to be there, because radiations are always emitted in waves, and those lovely analogue sinusoidal transverse waveforms would have to be made mechanically by something somewhere in the universe. They could not have been there right at the very beginning of the universe. Nor could they have been made by sheer cosmic space. In other words, they would have to be made into waves somehow by the galaxies. 

(photo on the left is NGC 4261 credit of H. Ford & L. Farrarese, Johns Hopkins University), 

The above observed hole is not absolutely round, as a gravitational black hole is said to be perfectly round. NGC 4261 has a partial white dot, or white spot in the center, which definitely excludes it from being a Gravitational Black Hole... The above photo of NGC 4261 appears to be the result of a double image consisting of two galaxies, one in front of another. The front galaxy is smaller with its disc more tilted, therefore it appears to be more flattened, while the back galaxy is more face-on, therefore much rounder. The smaller galaxy is darkened because of the brightness of the background galaxy.  Certainly the combined image does not appear to fit well together as one whole galaxy. Also the darkened part is far too big to be a black hole for a comparatively small galaxy. Besides, if a gravitational black hole could exist at all, then there is no reason for a bright spot to appear at the very center of the hole, because supposedly no light can escape from a Gravitational Black Hole. 

At this point let's take a short detour. As I am trying to treat the subjects in this page separately, I find it very difficult not to relate other areas, because they are all inter-related. Besides, some lingering problems just won't go away! The more recent one is the report that the speed of light has been broken by two teams of scientists in year 2000 during laboratory experiments. One experiment was carried out by a team at the NEC Research Institute in Princeton, N.J, and the other by a team from the Italia National Research Council). Such experiments should have been carried out decades ago, because no sufficient logical explanation has ever been given as to why of all motions and all the energies to make motions in the universe, only the speed of light should be the top limiting speed, and why Neutrinos, which appear to have some weight as well as gravitation waves, which pull mass (unlike electromagnetic waves that push) also travel at the speed of light? It appears no one wants to cross over genius Einstein's set limit for our universe. 

  

The sciences of theoretical physics and cosmology have been seriously influenced by theories of Relativity for one hundred years. If Relativity is true, then all other established theories, which are strongly or slightly incompatible with it, are subject to questions. These include deterministic laws of Newton's, or the Uncertainty Principle of Quantum physics.  Not only that, the Hubble law could also be in trouble too, because Hubble's is a linear law, under which distance of a galaxy from us is directly proportional to the amount of Red Shift (light emission) or linear receding speed. If Hubble's law is valid then there is no space curvature from earth all the way to a distance of some 13 billion light years as observed by Hubble Space Telescope. But Newton's physics and Quantum physics are the vital daily bread and butter for all walks of scientific applications, and Hubble's law is the only seeing eye for astronomy. 

 

The inconsistencies between these major theories have been evident for a century already, and although there are thick smokes of doubts still looming, but nothing has been done about it. How long would it take to clear the smokiness? It must be quite difficult for many teachers to logically explain some points of relativistic theories to the sharp questioning mind of young students. Yet, science is all about clarity, about either true or false, either consistent or inconsistent, either right or wrong.... It has been said that if you really understand a subject, you can always explain it. This makes it a fact that there are things going on in the class rooms, which need plain explanations. There is a big difference between what is truly understood and what is relativistically or just relatively understood... 

Let's take Einstein's relativistic time and space for example... How does the time component of space-time wrap around an object with extreme gravity? At the same time, if space and time are inseparable in a continuum of space-time, then how does time alone dilate under high speeds, and space doesn't? Are they not stuck in a Continuum? Perhaps it is space-time and not time that dilates? How does space alone curve or shrink all by itself (space curvature)? Where does the energy to curve it come from? If time lengthened and space shrunk (or curved) at the same high speed, what would that make the union of spacetime look like? How does time dilate in a circular motion within a static cosmic space? How does time dilate in an elliptical orbit of a comet, or a planet? Does a day last say 24.5 hours inside a space station, because it travels at such an enormous speed?  Does time stand still at the Event Horizon? How does time dilation affect the constant speed of photon waves (light)? Or rather, does time stand still for photons only, while it dilates for other things in the universe? etc., etc... I know some students are bound to wonder why they go to schools. You see, these questions and lots more would never stop until someone answers them satisfactorily and convincingly... The essence of science demands understanding, not believing! 

 

Let's get back to the Black Hole. So according to General Relativity, space-time is curved by mass, and the curvature depends on the strength of gravity. When a body of fixed mass, such as a star, contracts, its gravity on the surface increases (apparently not the whole mass) and space-time becomes more curved. Then when a critical size, known as the Schwarzschild radius (which is about as big as a grape for a planet the size of earth), is reached, space-time becomes so curved that in effect it entirely encloses the body. The body has now become a Black Hole, wrapped in curved space-time, and nothing, not even light, can ever leave it and escape to the outside world. Simple isn't it? .... At any rate, this is how some students are taught for almost one century. 

Figs on the left illustrate from top to bottom :- According to General Relativity, as the red body contracts, the space-time would wrap around it. When the red body is entirely enclosed by space-time, the red body has become a black hole.

Meanwhile it is said that in the center of many galaxies, such as our own galaxy, a black hole might be lurking.....  Imagine millions of spiraling planets and stars are being pulled by gravity towards the center of a galaxy, before they get near it they are bound to bang into each other, like some week-end traffic congestions banging into each other at speeds of orbiting stars. Not only there are collisions, crashing and grinding of galactic traffics of suns and planets, coming continuously from behind, and exploding like a billion nuclear bombs going off together. Since mass and energy are convertible, and this is the only spot in the whole universe where no mass can remain intact. Here all masses are converted into nothing but energies. At this stage the galactic center is extremely hot and violent, because if no mass can remain intact, then all the Strong and Weak Nuclear Forces have been released from their atomic bondage as atoms exits no more. Their volumes explode in expansion like countless Hiroshima. This colossal volume of energy flux would want to get out from the explosive congestion into space. And as they get out, more of them would follow in. 

However, as they force their way out, their angular momentum are conserved, they are urged to spiral through the powerful energy divisions of the Miracle-12 and become formulated into waves before they exit the galaxy axis as radiations. Such out going colossal radiation in waves would form a bulging halo of energy in both directions of the galactic polar axis near the inner region of the galaxy. This radiation bulge could extend thousands of light years in distance (for Milky Way it is about 1000 lys). There are no uncrushed stars, nor anything that could possibly remain intact and still get through the center of galaxies to collapse into themselves and turn into a black holes. There are also no force strong enough to hold back the explosive outflow of radiations. At any rate, no mass means no gravity, and no gravity means no gravitational Black Hole at the action center of any galaxy because this is the region where gravity doesn't exist and the energy and angular velocity of motion is the highest. Therefore, they easily over take the speed of light. The wave motions here become super-luminal for the following reasons:-

1), Speed of electromagnetic radiation, or light, is the product of (wavelength x frequency). All energy waves made of non-solid waveforms (solids are like metals or rocks) or none-hard wave bodies are capable of stretching, which is how Doppler's Effect and Red-Shift work. Now the galactic center is the extreme energy or pressure zone, where the sinusoidal waveform of electromagnetic waves would be extremely stretched. If we let the speed of waves here be S_1, then S₁ = (longer or stretched wavelength) x  (frequency), and if normal Speed of Light be S_0, thus S₀ = (normal wavelength) x (frequency). This means S₁ is bigger than S₀ or faster than Speed of Light, because the wavelength of S₁ is longer.  It is when electromagnetic waves escape this extreme pressure zone into the normal pressure zone of space that they then assume the normal waveforms of light, or of the continuous spectrum that we are familiar with. Because there has to be a difference of pressure between the two zones, the speed of waves at the high energy or higher pressure zone must move faster than the speed in the lower or normal pressure zone, which is the speed of light, especially because they are being urged by colossal energies released from converting mass to energy, which is continuously driving from behind

The speed of electromagnetic radiation, or light, is constant, only because of the special characteristics that wavelength is inversely proportional to frequency, but if the waveform stretches while frequency remain the unchanged, then their combined speed is already faster than speed of light. It also means the speed of light is not constant, as it increases with distance! At the same time, the expansion or universe, or the recession of galaxies is also moving with increasing speed.  

2), There is no theoretical restrictions, nor power restrictions in nature to stop any speed from traveling faster then any fixed limit, such as the speed of light (except by the words of Einstein). The speed of motion is only limited by its driving power, since there is no known top limit of power in nature, there can be no top limit of speed. 

In fact, galaxies are the numerous hearts of the universe, where nature's life force and the blood stream of nature are being pumped into the body of the universe in the form of transmissible electromagnetic waves. Here, due to continuous built up of explosive energies, not only the temperatures but also the power potential are of the highest in the universe. Imagine, when a supernova explodes, it lights up the whole observable universe. But in the galactic, thousands of supernavi would crash and explode together. Or just think of a circular particle collider at the heart of the galaxies, which is billions and billion times more powerful than the biggest particle collider on earth. Also imagine the increase of violence when all Strong and Weak forces are released from the atoms...When that happens, then somewhere in the galactic center spiraling motion must easily exceed the speed of light... In short, if and when that happens, then there is a region of blackened hole, simply because light cannot be observed. This is the Black Hole in reality,...  

Such a region has become unobservable. That's why we may call such a region the "Observational Black Hole", OBH. So it is possible that such a black hole may exist in the center of our Milky Way Galaxy. However, such a black hole has no gravitational Singularity to speak of... There are many reasons. Firstly, there is no collapsing star with imploding core to create infinite gravity. Secondly, gravitation, if any, exists as a gravitational wave, it's highly dubious that a regular wave would not be disturbed or broken down by the violence at the galactic center. Thirdly, all galactic masses are broken up and  no mass means no gravitation. Fourthly, the explosive expansion of energy released from atomic bondage in the region is infinitely stronger than any gravitation exerting on the tiny or weightless particles in the region. Fifthly, Not until the explanation is available as to how and why gravitation is created in waves, no one truly knows the origin of this all important energy that moves things in the universe and allows us to stay put on earth.   

There is one possible variation though. As the energy flux travels at super light speed in angular motion,  part of the energy of OBH, which is traveling towards a viewer on Earth, could appear as a white spot of light, although the angle of such light might be extremely narrow, and therefore small and rare, to be projected or seen in the direction of earth. See above double image for 2 galaxies, the front galaxy has a small white dot of light in its middle. In recent years astronomers have reported discovering quite a lot of black holes, but they don't seem to swallow down anything, nor do they cause their neighbouring region to contract. Instead, like everywhere else galaxies are receding away from each other in a grand concerted universal expansion. Why? because what they have found are only OBHs...     

Now looking at it from another perspective, because in the sky there is no such a thing as "top", or "bottom", or the upper side or the lower side of a galaxy (down in heaven is just as good as up in heaven!). Both sides of an average galaxy, such as the beautiful spiral galaxy of our own, are more or less the same. So according to general relativity when the space-time begins to curve, it would curve from both sides since they are the same. 

Fig on the left shows A is a normal spiral galaxy, B and C are schematic representation of curving space-time since both sides of a galaxy are the same.

This is interesting!  This phenomenon could also make it rather difficult to form a black hole, because the curvature would not know from which side to wrap around first. There is going to be a crash at the center... The space-time curvature can only go from B to A and from C to A and no more (see graph left above). In other words, the space-time can only curve until 50% of the thickness of the galaxy and then it must bang into its own Siamese Twin from the other side.  Therefore, not only the space-time cannot wrap around a galaxy, but also the space of a spiral galaxy would in fact form a concave lens rather than a convex one, which should shrink any galactic image behind it, rather than enlarging it during Gravitational Lensing.... 

Fig. on the right: The balls and space fabric are usually used to represent spacetime curvature caused by concentration of gravitation. Therefore, at the center of any galaxy, the spacetime curvature would curve in from both sides of the flat galactic disc, making the galaxies in the sky all looking like a concave lens, and the gravitational lensing would shrink all images behind it.  .   

What's more, according to general relativity, gravity distorts space-time always without exceptions. But strictly speaking, that would mean that images of different heavenly object or galaxies are all distorted.  What one sees in telescopes are all in varying degrees of distortion depending on how big is the gravity of those objects or galaxies. 

Left Fig: This is how our galaxy looks like. The visible bulge of our galaxy is in fact radiations extending to 1000 light years

Also, since space curvature is without discretion, it should be possible to use the Local Group Galaxies to check up and verify the phenomena of gravitational lensing.... Meantime, the wormholes ain't going any places at all, except into itself, and so no way to go to the baby universes as well.

Fig on the left is a would-be wormhole passage to other universes

But in any case we won't be able to see them, because according to Kitty Ferguson's book Stephen Hawking had calculated that the worm-hole, which extends like an umbilical cord to the baby universe, is only 10^-³³ centimeters (10 to the minus 33 cms) in diameter, which is much smaller than an atom. So it is unlikely that humans are going to find it or see it anyhow, or to wander through it into another universe by mistake.... Nevertheless, I believe I have perceived a point without having to see a worm-hole! The point is quite clear according to Kitty Ferguson.... So she writes "Wormholes and baby universes are firing the imaginations of many physicists. They've begun responding, disputing this and that, and offering alterative versions. That's always a good sign.... ' The field of baby universes is in its infancy,' quips Hawking, 'but growing fast..'....  Do worm-holes and baby universes contribute to the search for a complete theory of the universe?".... In fact, Stephen Hawking has not done badly. He has inspired me to write quite a few things in this Website....Well, it's real fun anyhow!.... But then, why do I also have the funny feeling that there are not just the odd ones who are having fun, but there seems to be a whole conspiracy that plans to give students nothing but fun! But you see them in serious scientific writings too, including encyclopedias and other important scientific literatures! So I should not be surprised if at some stage some designs of modern space rockets or ships have been incorporated with calculations based on Relativities, because a space project requires great many engineers...