10) The structures and origin of universe with respect to energy only  

(Pending Checking)

If the term universe is generally referring to the visible masses, then there is also an invisible universe of forces or energies, because the universe is made of both mass and energy, and since these two only components are mutually convertible they possesses equal potentials. Mass is the visible body of the universe, while energy is the invisible force that makes the universe alive. If the universe was started with just a mass called Singularity, followed by a colossal bang, then it would be more important to explain where came the colossal energy to make the bang. Traditionally cosmological theories always seemed to refer to the beginning of universe as the beginning of visible mass only, and little or no mention about the origin of energy.... So, where does energy come from? What is its origin? What is energy in the first place? The multimillion dollar question here is like the chicken and egg, only here it's the mass and energy instead. So of the two which comes first? Or, which can exist alone without the other? Let's take mass for instance. Well, the mass is made of atoms and atoms are made of internal constituents or particles bonded together by atomic force. This means mass requires bonding energy to exist. Then around 1920s to1930s scientists like Carl Anderson and Paul Dirac discovered antiparticles, and reported that when particle and antiparticle collide they will both be annihilated, leaving behind only a shower of Gamma Rays or just pure energy. Besides, vacuum too is a pure energy, but of negative nature. So, pure energy can exist without mass. In that case, if the start of universe was said to be a mass, then why shouldn't it be energy as well? In fact, it's much more likely to be energy than mass, because out of two, only energy can exist alone and cannot be further reduced... 

Don't forget events in nature are always powered by energy. Energy is the boss, because it is intrinsically active and driving. Superficially speaking, mass may be considered the body, while energy is the life and spirit, although mass also contains energy in it.  Nature is said to have four Forces of Interaction, namely Strong Nuclear force, Weak Interaction force, Electromagnetic force and Gravitation, three of them may be stripped out of the mass when mass is converted into pure energy, leaving only electromagnetic radiations in space! Electromagnetic energy has dual properties, namely the electrical property and the magnetic property. They are everywhere! Within each atom of all matters, there are positive and negative electric charges (protons and electrons), and there are magnetic energies in mass too (permanent magnets have lots). Electric charges in motion induces magnetic moments, but magnetism also induces electricity. So, both electric charge and magnetic moment are fundamental properties of all atomic mass. They are also the fundamental properties of cosmic radiations, which pervade the entire cosmic space. Therefore, the duel natures of electricity and magnetism are both fundamental to mass and energy, and present in the complete universal realm.  

Now, if masses are convertible to energy (at the galactic center) and energies are reducible to only electric charge and magnetic moment, then the most fundamental of nature or the origin of universe appears to be electromagnetism or just energy alone. Within this theory we will show that electromagnetic force in waves causes the expansion of universe and with its property of mutual interference it can blend into each other and propagate to reach every part of the universe. So, it actually sustains and unifies the entire universe, and regenerates it. In other words, at the back of all universal drama and cosmological phenomena, there are just pairs of forces, the potential difference of Ying and Yang, at play...      

Let's dig in to see how it happens. Well, all galactic masses contain electric charges (electrons and protons in all atoms). When electric charges or electrons are set in motion, accelerated or decelerated, they induce magnetic moments at right angles to the charges, but following the Right Hand Rule. Magnetic moments then in turn induce back electric charges, which again induce a second generation magnetic moments in alternating phases, and so on... The changing phases of induction at alternating right angles, following Right Hand Rule, between the two energies would cause everything to spin and spiral. This is how a galactic spiral is formed in the first place. Meanwhile, as galactic materials are getting close to each other, their mutual gravitation would pull them to spiral even closer and deeper towards the center of galaxy in increasing vigor and velocity. Now, it is of the highest importance to find out what goes on at the central region of galaxies.... Well, as millions of suns, moons, satellites, stones, gases and what not.... all approach the congested galactic center, they obviously must bang into each other, not at once, but in numerous successions because of different distances in their approaching journey. 

Left Fig :- Suns, moons, satellites, stones and what not... must eventually crash with each other 

When the incoming millions of suns and planets crash in a congested area, the explosions would resemble billions of atom bombs going off together. The violence would reduce the masses to their very fundamentals. Yet that's not all!. The momentum of the traveling mixture of mass and energy cannot stop. It would continue to grind everything in that colossal galactic milling machine. Since no mass can exist intact here, at some point in that central region there will be a release of all atomic forces, i.e. the Strong and Weak Nuclear Forces, which have been binding the atoms together. [Note:- It should be noted that at this point no Black Hole could conceivably exist at the center of any galaxy, because of two reasons. Firstly, the crushing of masses would turn them into energies, allowing no starry bodies to exist intact (long before they get near the center) to collapse into a Black Hole Singularity. Instead, they must explode and throw masses outwards. Secondly, all masses would be turned into energies only, no mass means no gravitation, and no gravitation means no Gravitational Black Hole]. 

The photo on the left is the galaxy M87 of Virgo Cluster, taken by Hubble Space Telescope, showing a strong radiation jet shooting out of the central core at high speed. This is probably due to sudden release of atomic binding Nuclear Force

 At any rate, eventually the galactic center would reach an indescribably hot and violent primordial condition of energy interaction, and since mass is convertible to energy, this is the spot where even last atoms would be turned into pure energy only. This galactic central area is now the most energy packed spot anywhere in the whole universe, due to continued built up of pressure and temperatures. This is also the spot where energies are trying to get out, and nothing can get in... This is also all forces of interaction are stripped out of their interactions and are reduced to their true origin, whatever that may be....

Theoretically speaking, all limits are reached when spiral motion reaches the central region of galaxies. In fact, if there is any place or any condition that could possibly unify all four Forces of Interaction, this is the only place to take place.... Meanwhile many other fundamental phenomena are taking place within the center of the galactic field:-  First phenomenon is that energies must escape the galactic center, allowing more mass to come in. Secondly, the congested energies  must escape trough the galactic axis where pressure and resistance are at the least  Thirdly, as energies escape a drag is created that would draw in more masses to be converted. Fourthly, this would also account for the where-about, or the fate of continuously incoming masses. Fifthly, the violence of converting mass to energy has not destroyed the fundamental properties of electricity and magnetism, because the resultant energies that come out of the galaxies are observed to be electromagnetic radiations. Sixthly, in order to pulse the energy flux into a smooth and continuous spectrum of waves, there must be a dynamic force symmetry, which I call "Miracle-12" to do it. This symmetry is formed by spiraling motion and mutual inductions between electric charges and magnetic moments at right angles to each other. The angular motion containing polar energies causes a dynamic but stable field symmetry to be formed. Automatically forces would align into a dynamic equilibrium, otherwise the entire mass/energy system would disperse, and the galaxy would exist no more! The more powerful the galactic field becomes, the stronger the dynamic symmetry will be strengthened too. Seventhly, The angular motion of electromagnetic flux passing through the strong divisions of force symmetry will be cut into sinusoidal waves before emission into space. 

As to why this dynamic symmetry forms itself into 12 equal divisions, which I call the Miracle-12, it is because the 12 equal division symmetry can accommodate simultaneously most of the basic symmetries, i.e. the most fundamental symmetry is the simple opposition, which the ancient Chinese called Ying and Yang or simple action and reaction. Next is the Equilateral Triangle, which is basic but less stable, then the Square or the Cross, which is the most important, most stable and most powerful symmetry of all, because every time a mutual induction between electricity and magnetism takes place, it occurs with the two polar forces at right angles to each other. Therefore, in all instances of  changing inductive phases there exists an underlying force symmetry in a Cross formation at all times.  Traditionally the Cross represents the power of the sun, as many sun related religions from India, to Middle East and to Roman Europe worshipped it... Besides these symmetries, there are also the Hexagon, which is also a frequently appearing symmetry. All these basic symmetries can be accommodated within the same 12 equal angled symmetry concurrently, including spike star itself. During interaction of forces these are most stable symmetries. Other more complex symmetries would be quickly reduced to become more basic and stable. 

This means there are two important reasons for a 12 spiked star of dynamic force field symmetry to exist in the heart of every galaxies. Firstly, this Miracle-12 can simultaneously accommodate all the most basic symmetries, which is less likely to be further reduced by disturbing forces. Secondly,  it is statistically the most probable number and choice... (For the same reason there exists one 12 spike symmetry in our solar system, which we call the Zodiac)... O.K. Now that formless energy flux is cut or pulsed by the concentrated angles of the symmetry into waves, these powerful energy waves must seek an exit where there is least resistance to escape the extremely pressurized galactic center. This is the galactic axis from which energy waves escape into space. Meanwhile, it is also significant to note that cosmic electromagnetic waves produced this way would assume a sinusoidal waveform, just like electric currents are cut into sinusoidal waves by the magnetic poles in the electricity generating machine.... 

On the left is an artist's impression showing burst of energy at both galactic axis, which are areas of least pressure or least resistance  

Because electromagnetic waves or pulses are not made of solid materials, they are just energies, and energies may assume various wave bodies or waveforms. Thus different electromagnetic waveforms with the same frequency may be added or subtracted, merged or interfered with. It becomes possible for different productions of such energy pulses. For instance, apart from the described wave productions at the galaxies and electricity generators, which give sinusoidal waves, nuclear fusion deep within the sun also releases a tremendous amount of energy, which is slowly transferred to the solar surface and radiate into space. Heating a piece of iron sheet produces a limited spectrum of rays from infrared, to red, to white hot. Heating a glass sheet produces more infrared than other rays. Heating a tungsten filament produces little infrared but a whole spectrum of visible light waves. This means that at similar discreet frequencies different materials emit radiations in varying waveforms. In many modern telecommunications, such as radios or TVs electronic circuits, a piezoelectric crystal would be used to vibrate or oscillate electric charges and produce desired frequencies in different waveforms, including the square wave. Storms, cyclone, thunders, solar flares also produce some energy emissions. All these are electromagnetic radiations, in waves, in pulses or in quanta whose waveforms are adaptable. This adaptability or property of Interference allows the human made, or the waves produced by temperatures, to be absorbed into the waveforms and frequencies of the strong and dominating cosmic waves that drive the universe to expand.   

Indeed, the most significant fact of all is that the cosmic space is completely permeated with tremendously strong electromagnetic radiations. So complete that earth bound radio telescopes are able to observe the most remote comic signal transmissions some 12 to 13 billion light years away.  This distance is the maximum range of observation. Because the speed of light is limited, beyond this distance the signals of light or radiations are not fast enough to reach earth. Even more significant is that galaxies are observed to be receding away from each other and the universe is expanding in increasing speed. There is only one energy that could drive it, the electromagnetic radiations, causing huge scale cosmological movements. So where and how are these colossal amounts of radiation produced, and where do they come from to fill the entire universe and make it move and expand? Could they be the product of human efforts, or by those odd explosion of a starry object, such as quasars etc.. Or could these colossal energies have simply grown out the cosmic space alone? 

Not likely, indeed! Because such colossal energy are detected to be electromagnetic radiations in sinusoidal waveforms and in an enormous, strong, beautifully smooth, continuous and extremely well defined spectrum as observed. They must also be a nonstop driving force, strong enough to drive and separate the galaxies apart from each other, and still have enough strength to cause the whole universe expanding in acceleration. This unbelievable phenomenon of entire universe in accelerating motion requires the strongest transmissible force in the universe and the facilities to produce such unbelievable forces.  The question therefore becomes what makes these forces, and where could they possibly be produced? The answer is that there is one such place, and indeed only one such place in every galaxy, the galactic central region, where all masses are converted into extremely strong energies, and where a field symmetry cuts, forms and delivers such powerfully defined energy waves. . 

There are numbers of confirming reason:- Firstly, It goes without saying, only when everything is turned into energy, the energy has reached the maximum. Only such maximum magnitude can move the entire universe. Secondly, in every galactic there is a Miracle-12 dynamic field symmetry that miraculously cuts energy into sinusoidal waves and fuse them together by mutual interference, which is what cosmic radiations are and should be. Thirdly, only wave cut and delivered by a field symmetry in the manners as described can have extremely clear spectral definitions and energies strong enough to maintain clear alignment at the top end of spectrum where frequencies are the highest. Fourthly, only energies in waves can propagate and transmit force into distant space, and in this case the strong and defined wave is the electromagnetic radiation. Fifthly, cosmic radiations exist in an extremely well defined, smooth and continuous spectrum. This is because they are produced when continuous energy flux passes through from outer diameters into inner diameters of the galactic force field, and encounters the concentrated divisions of the field symmetry, which cut it into progressively diminishing wavelength as well as progressively increasing frequency, locked into a mutually inverse proportion. As speed of light or radiation is the product of wavelength multiplied by frequency, that's why the speed of light is constant. Sixthly, galaxies are seen to recede from each other, which indicates that forces are transmitted by and from the galaxies. So, in view of above reasons, we can safely conclude that only galactic force field and its symmetry could produce that strong and well defined spectrum of waves, which permeate the whole universe, and only by converting mass to energy could there be enough strength to move the entire universe.   

Besides, there are other phenomena needing explanations. For instance, there are two distinctively different energy zones in a galaxy, a very violent zone where all stars and planets, etc., etc would collide en mass without stopping, and a relatively normal zone where starry objects are orbiting but without banging into each other. Clearly there is a difference in energy environment between the two zones. In the very violent zone at galactic central region, which is boxed into a pressure zone by oncoming masses and energies, those extremely strong radiation wave produced would range from, say, extremely high frequencies to almost infinity, and wavelength from, say, a certain discreet size down to practically zero length. Meanwhile, in the normal zone, the radiation coming forth would have extremely long wavelength up to, say, about 10^-11 cm and frequencies from extremely low rate moving up to, say, 10²¹ cycles per second. [Note:- Gamma Ray has wavelength of about 10^-11 cm and frequency of about 10²¹ cycles per second]. So presumably Gamma Rays would stand roughly at the division between the two zones. This is the only possible explanation, because otherwise those radiations with wavelengths shorter than 10^-11 cm are unaccounted for! And where are the radiations with frequencies higher than 10²¹ cycles per second? Surely, nature does not hold up productions just at certain discreet limits, because within the same process the production would naturally and automatically go from the minimum to maximum. What's more, when billions of suns and planets spiral continuously inwards towards the galactic center, what have they become? The wonders and beauty of science are that science should and could take into account all phenomena in nature, and in return be accountable for every manifestations.  

O.K. The above at least takes care of what happens to the stars and planets moving into the galactic center.  It indicates there are two classes of energy waves produced by the galaxy, one with extremely high frequencies and with strength needed to move the entire universe in increasing speed. I call this very strong energy the Extreme Galactic Rays, EGR. (Please click and read Definition of EGR)  This strong energy obviously cannot be over powered, nor affected, by other lower strength energies, and therefore retains its supremacy and remain in the background unnoticed by us, because humans are born into its constant and steady unchanging energy environment. The other class, which is normal, weaker and can fluctuate, therefore are detectable as a smooth spectrum, including the visible lights, and with a known top range, i.e. the gamma rays. All electromagnetic radiations, or waves, or quanta, their waveforms may be added, subtracted or interfered, because they are just pulses of energies, not solid matters. So, like sound waves, it can be stretched  In electromagnetic waves the stretching is observed as a Red-shift, which is proportional to the distance from its source. So, with the normal range of frequencies used in spatial observations, the Red-shift or the wavelength is found to be increasing with distance, which also means that theoretically the speed of light is not constant, since its speed is the product of wavelength multiplied by frequency, although in practice the small rate of change may be neglected. 

Now, it is reported that Strong Nuclear Force, the force of atomic bondage, is about 100 times stronger than the electromagnetic interactions. The interaction of electromagnetic force with the atomic nuclei is strong enough to cause the Strong Force to vibrate, but not strong enough to make it disintegrate. The result is that each atom or each mass emits a secondary high frequency energy wave in resonance to the high frequencies of incidental vibratory force. This secondary wave is unrelated to any thermal motion of electrons, or atoms, or molecules within the mass, as it occurs without noticeable heat or temperatures, but as a secondary product of Strong Nuclear Force vibration, it retains the characteristics of bonding or attraction, but free of magnetism. This is the induced force of gravity or gravitational wave. It has to be the case because the atom has no internal facility at all to create and generate a high frequency energy wave, even at very low temperatures. The gravitational wave may be weak but it has extremely long range. Meanwhile, the Weak Nuclear Force in the atom is about 10¹⁴ times weaker than the cosmic electromagnetic interaction. The bombardments of electromagnetic interaction would cause the radio-isotopes in the nuclei to lose energy and decay, resulting in Bata-Decay, such as Carbon-14 radiation, or Uranium to Lead decay, etc., etc... The extremely steady and high frequencies of bombarding cosmic force, such as the EGR, would result in a very steady rate of decay. Otherwise, there is no means, nor defined reasons, for the atom to cause such an extremely regular and steady rate of decay in atomic structure. 

It follows that nature is driven basically to interact by electromagnetic forces, because it is the only transmissible intrusive energy that reaches all parts of the universe. It consists of energies of electricity and magnetism mutually occurring at right angles to each other, producing a transverse motion of energy, with visible square or cross of concentrated energies constantly appearing in nature. Now since energy is the boss and the driving force, it has many products. Therefore there are many resultant crystallizations in sets of fours in nature, both in groups of mass or of energy. For instance, the four forces of interaction, namely, Strong Force, Weak Force, Electromagnetic Force and Gravity. 

Fig left:- crystallization of forces into symmetrical structures of fours 

There are also four layers of physical mass, namely satellites, planets, suns and galaxies. It would appear that in both colossal cosmological scales and in infinitesimal scales of the atom, the universe is perfectly balanced in interaction, in regeneration and in nonstop evolution. It is even more amazing that the universe has evolved to include metaphysical functions, with its will to perpetuate existence, its goals to aspire purposes, its methods to strategize the complex designs and the energies to execute all of  that. Then it pass them all onto every living beings. So, the Will energy, purpose energy, mental energy and physical energy are also a set of four. Thus the energies of electromagnetic interactions are shown in the crystallizations of mass, of energy and even in metaphysical structures of nature... That and other products and crystallizations of force symmetries will be discussed in more details under another page. As I view cosmology to include all phenomena and manifestations of nature, as well as all the experiences of the cosmological life, I put them together into one grand course of harmonization.